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February 26, 2026Actas Urológicas Españolas (English Edition)0 citationsOpen Access

Long-term endocrine sequelae in testicular cancer: clinical manifestations, mechanisms, and follow-up considerations

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CBC.S. González BeltránHGH.A. García-PerdomoARA.F. García Ramos

Key Points

  • This review aims to summarize the long-term endocrine effects in survivors of testicular cancer and assess their clinical significance.
  • Conducted a narrative review of relevant clinical literature
  • Examined the endocrine impact of treatments like orchiectomy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy
  • Analyzed the consequences on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and other endocrine systems
  • The most common endocrine issue is hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, linked to elevated FSH and altered testosterone levels
  • Hypogonadism negatively affects quality of life, fertility, bone health, and body composition
  • Increased risks of osteopenia/osteoporosis and thyroid dysfunction were observed, particularly after mediastinal or cervical irradiation

Abstract

To describe the main long-term endocrine sequelae in testicular cancer survivors and their clinical relevance. A narrative review of the clinical literature on the endocrine consequences of curative therapies for TC (orchiectomy, platinum-based chemotherapy, and radiotherapy) was conducted. The impact of these interventions on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and other relevant endocrine systems was examined. The most prevalent endocrine finding was hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (primary testicular dysfunction), characterized by elevated FSH and altered testosterone levels. The etiology is multifactorial, involving the direct deficiency following orchiectomy and the toxicity of chemotherapy/radiotherapy on Leydig cells. Hypogonadism is correlated with adverse effects on quality of life, fertility, bone metabolism, and body composition. Additionally, an increased risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis and thyroid dysfunction was documented, the latter associated explicitly with mediastinal or cervical irradiation. CT survivors present a significant and persistent risk of chronic endocrine dysfunction. It is imperative to establish systematic endocrine surveillance, especially for symptomatic patients or those with borderline hormonal parameters, to facilitate early identification and initiate interventions such as hormone replacement therapy. This strategy is crucial for preserving functional health and quality of life in this young population. Describir las principales secuelas endocrinas a largo plazo en los supervivientes de cáncer testicular (CT), así como su relevancia clínica. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura clínica sobre los efectos endocrinos de las terapias curativas para el CT (orquiectomía, quimioterapia basada en platino y radioterapia). Se examinaron los posibles efectos de estas intervenciones sobre el eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-gonadal (HPG), así como en otros sistemas endocrinos relacionados. La alteración endocrina más frecuente fue el hipogonadismo hipergonadotrópico (disfunción testicular primaria), caracterizado por la elevación de la FSH y alteraciones en los niveles de testosterona. Su etiología es multifactorial e implica tanto la deficiencia directa tras la orquiectomía como la toxicidad ejercida por la quimioterapia/radioterapia sobre las células de Leydig. El hipogonadismo se correlaciona con efectos adversos sobre la calidad de vida, la fertilidad, el metabolismo óseo y la composición corporal. Además, se documentó un mayor riesgo de osteopenia/osteoporosis y disfunción tiroidea, esta última asociada explícitamente con la irradiación mediastínica o cervical. Los supervivientes de CT presentan un riesgo significativo y persistente de disfunción endocrina crónica. Es imperativo establecer una vigilancia sistemática de las funciones endocrinas, especialmente en pacientes sintomáticos o aquellos con parámetros hormonales límite, a fin de facilitar la identificación precoz e iniciar intervenciones como la terapia de reemplazo hormonal. Esta estrategia es crucial para preservar la salud funcional y la calidad de vida en esta población joven.

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Cite This Study

Beltrán et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/699fe33695ddcd3a253e6d91https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acuroe.2026.501935
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