Substantial effort has been devoted to the technologies of rigid, flexible, bladed, and stretchable organic solar cells (OSCs) in the past two decades. One key to realizing these OSCs is the solution-processed preparation of both hole transport layers (HTLs) and flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs). As one of the most representative conductive polymers (CPs), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has emerged as a promising material for both HTLs and FTEs. In this Review, we introduce cutting-edge modification approaches used to adjust the optical and electrical characteristics, surface energy, work function, morphology, and wettability of PEDOT:PSS films. The breakthroughs on these various OSCs are highlighted. Furthermore, we introduce the striking advantages, propose challenges, and give advice and guidelines associated with the adaptation of the CPs into rigid, flexible, bladed, and stretchable organic photovoltaics.
Wan et al. (2026) studied this question.