The integration of artificial intelligence into pathology is transforming the assessment of histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) slides, offering opportunities to reduce variability and streamline diagnostics. In practical terms, most available tools and research models emulate the diagnostic capabilities of pathologists by detecting, grading, and classifying tumours and other diseases. More recent applications have moved beyond mimicry, aiming to predict established biomarkers, such as microsatellite instability or IHC-based markers, and to tackle even more ambitious tasks, such as directly predicting patient prognosis from H&E whole slide images. Remarkably, novel computational tools are now being designed as companion diagnostic assays, linking the automated evaluation of specific IHC biomarkers to the prediction of response to specific drugs, potentially marking a new chapter in the evolution of digital and computational pathology. The TROPION-PanTumor01 trial recently demonstrated the superiority of a supervised machine learning model (termed the quantitative continuous score QCS by the vendor) in assessing TROP2 IHC compared with human scoring, promising better stratification of patients with non-small cell lung cancer for treatment with datopotamab deruxtecan. The same approach has shown promise in refining HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) and PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) evaluations, revealing patient subgroups that may benefit from targeted therapies. Moreover, other similar approaches are progressively reaching the market, posing significant opportunities and challenges for clinicians involved in the care of patients with cancer. This Perspective is promoted by the European Society of Digital and Integrative Pathology (ESDIP, founded in 2016, and having long-standing experience in computational pathology, esdipath.org) and the European Interdisciplinary Society of Artificial Intelligence for Cancer Research (ESAC, a recently established initiative, founded in 2024, esac-network.eu), both bringing together clinicians, engineers and other professionals dedicated to the development and clinical translation of computational approaches aimed at improving patient care. It aims to provide an informed overview of novel computational pathology companion diagnostic tools, with a particular focus on the background that practicing pathologists and oncologists need to have with these tools, when transitioning from research to clinical practice, irrespective of their prior familiarity with computational approaches. © 2026 The Author(s). The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Montezuma et al. (Wed,) studied this question.