Micro/Nanoscale 3D Bioprinting: A Transformative Way to Modulate Cell/Tissue Growth and Function.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) of native tissues features highly organized micro/nanoscale structures that intricately interact with cells to regulate tissue function, maintain homeostasis, and support regeneration. Micro/nanoscale three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has recently emerged as a transformative technology, enabling the reproducible fabrication of ECM-like structures using cell-laden hydrogels. In this review, we provide a systematic overview of recent advances in micro/nanoscale 3D bioprinting for living tissue constructs, with particular emphasis on the effects of these ECM-like micro/nanoscale architectures on cellular and tissue behavior. We begin by introducing the primary micro/nanoscale bioprinting techniques, including light-based, extrusion-based, and jetting-based bioprinting methods. We examine the effects of the high-resolution 3D bioprinting process and/or bioprinting-induced micro/nanostructures on modulating cell growth. Next, we highlight recent innovations that integrate biomechanical stimuli into these micro/nanoscale 3D-bioprinted constructs to further enhance cell and tissue functionality. The key applications of micro/nanoscale bioprinting in tissue regeneration and in vitro models are explored. Finally, current challenges and potential solutions for advancing micro/nanoscale 3D bioprinting toward the realization of functional tissue/organ analogs are discussed.