Systematic review reports high efficacy in treating carotid-cavernous fistulas, suggesting a promising intervention.
Embolization of CCFs using Onyx combined with coils is a highly effective and safe treatment, yielding consistently high obliteration and symptomatic resolution rates. This approach appears especially promising for direct (type A) fistulas. Nevertheless, larger prospective studies are needed to establish its comparative efficacy across all CCF subtypes.
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Almeida et al. (2026) studied this question.
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