Obtaining Direct and Cross-fare Elasticities from Opal E-data in Sydney, Australia

Using electronic ticketing (Opal) data, we present evidence on adult fare elasticities by journey length, time of day, and weekday versus weekend for public transport services (heavy rail, bus, light rail, and ferries) in the greater Sydney area. We compare the findings with other studies. The paper also documents the challenges and limitations of e-ticketing data, and compares the findings with those in the broader literature on fare elasticities.