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February 28, 2026Cleaner WaterOpen Access

Assessment of drinking and irrigation suitability of coastal groundwater in eastern India using integrated numerical indices (WQI, SPI, and IWQI) and geospatial analysis

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Authors

SPS. ParijaRavenshaw UniversitySKSomnath KhaoashRavenshaw UniversityAMAtulya Kumar MohantyNational Geophysical Research Institute

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Overview

Assesses groundwater quality using integrated indices in coastal Odisha, suggesting significant deterioration for irrigation and drinking purposes.

Key Points

  • The aim is to evaluate the quality of coastal groundwater in eastern Odisha through integrated numerical indices and geospatial analysis.
  • Assessment using Water Quality Index (WQI), Synthetic Pollution Index (SPI), and Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI).
  • Geospatial analysis conducted with software tools like Python, ArcGIS, and RStudio.
  • Physicochemical analysis of twenty-three groundwater samples to determine ionic compositions.
  • Multivariate statistical analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA), to identify major groundwater quality factors.
  • Approximately 50% of groundwater samples were found unsuitable for human consumption.
  • SPI indicated limited suitability, with few areas deemed suitable primarily in the western zone.
  • IWQI analysis showed deterioration in groundwater quality from central to northeastern zones due to elevated salinity.
  • Hydrochemical facies analysis highlighted the dominance of Na-Cl and mixed Ca-Mg-Cl due to saline intrusion.
  • PCA indicated that natural processes and human activities significantly affect groundwater quality, explaining 84% of total variance.

Cite This Study

Parija et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69a286da0a974eb0d3c021a5https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100233
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