Direct pyrolysis of catalysed raw sewage sludge unlocks superior energy recovery: a kinetic evidence

The present study investigates the pyrolysis kinetics of raw (undigested) sewage sludge and evaluates the effect of three low-cost catalysts (CaO, MgO, and Al 2 O 3 ). The activation energies (Ea) were determined by means of the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method. The raw sludge displayed a three-phase Ea profile, which suggests sequential decomposition of heterogeneous biopolymers. Among the catalysts, CaO exhibited the most significant reduction in Ea within the medium conversion range ( α ~ 0.4–0.7). The effect of MgO was found to be reaction stage-dependent, while Al 2 O 3 was observed to increase Ea in the initial stages, thus potentially promoting condensation reactions. The findings provide a robust foundation for the direct pyrolysis of raw sludge with low-cost catalysts, a process that has been demonstrated to enhance energy recovery in a single step, thereby circumventing the losses that are typically associated with prior anaerobic digestion.