Lanthanides Regulate the Oxide Pathway Mechanism of RuO ₂ to Boost Acidic Oxygen Evolution

Regulating the reaction pathway of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is pivotal in enhancing the activity and stability of RuO₂-based catalysts. However, it remains challenging to achieve the desired oxide pathway mechanism (OPM) for RuO₂-based catalysts. Herein, we use density functional theory calculations to predict that Sm doping can tune the OER pathway of RuO₂ toward the OPM. We successfully synthesize various lanthanide-doped RuO₂ catalysts and demonstrate an overpotential as low as 184 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² for Sm-doped RuO₂ supported on reduced graphene oxide (Sm-RuO₂/rGO). Sm-RuO₂/rGO exhibits a stable operation for over 200 h at 500 mA cm⁻². In situ characterizations confirm the functionality of incorporated Sm atoms in triggering an OPM pathway for RuO₂. Our work demonstrates an effective strategy to regulate the OER pathway of RuO₂-based catalysts, enabling highly efficient and durable OER under acidic conditions and showing great promise for industrial applications.