DCE-MRI kinetic heterogeneity combined with DWI enables noninvasive discrimination of the extent of IBC infiltration before surgery, facilitating personalized systemic therapy and nodal evaluation while avoiding overtreatment in patients at low risk. Computer-aided, whole-tumor heterogeneity analysis replaces limited region-of-interest sampling, significantly improving both efficiency and accuracy of IBC grading. Integration of kinetic heterogeneity plus diffusion parameters provides a panoramic view of tumor size, location, and perilesional relationships, empowering multi-disciplinary teams to rapidly individualize surgical and adjuvant treatment strategies.
Feng et al. (2026) studied this question.