Evolution of Dental Implant Surface Modifications: From Machined to Bioactive Surfaces

The long-term success of dental implants is critically dependent on rapid and stable osseointegration. Implant surface characteristics play a decisive role in modulating the biological response at the bone–implant interface. Over the past few decades, substantial advancements have been made in implant surface modification techniques aimed at enhancing bone healing, improving early stability, and reducing the risk of implant failure. This review article discusses the evolution, classification, biological rationale, and clinical relevance of implant surface modifications, with emphasis on contemporary physical, chemical, and biochemical approaches. The current evidence supporting various surface treatments and their clinical implications is also highlighted.