The included studies demonstrate that across the globe, gynecologic conditions in carceral settings are common and can be exacerbated by the physical and emotional stress of incarceration, trauma histories, lack of access to care, and conditions of confinement in these settings. Gaps in the published literature exist on health education and interventions to address gynecologic health disparities and the gynecologic health needs of aging and older adults. There is a pressing need for parallel efforts at global de-carceration and policy interventions to provide for basic gynecologic needs, decrease intersectional stigma, and improve the conditions of confinement.
Wise et al. (2026) studied this question.