Post-treatment SIV controllers maintained significantly lower levels of SIV-DNA in circulating CD4+ T cells compared to non-controllers at day 14 post-treatment interruption.
Does early antiretroviral therapy initiation and subsequent interruption affect SIV reservoir size and intact provirus levels in cynomolgus macaques?
In a macaque model of SIV, post-treatment control is associated with a restricted viral reservoir and fewer intact proviruses in lymph nodes before treatment interruption, suggesting immune responses shape the reservoir during treatment.
Absolute Event Rate: 13% vs 21%
p-value: p=0.010
Mechanisms underlying durable control of HIV after antiretroviral therapy interruption remain poorly understood. Here we provide a comprehensive longitudinal analysis in a non-human primate model of post-treatment control using SIVmac251-infected male cynomolgus macaques (pVISCONTI study). Controllers exhibit lower levels of SIV DNA, intact proviruses, transcriptional activity, and viral evolution compared to non-controllers in blood and tissues long after therapy interruption. Before interruption, controllers already have fewer intact proviruses in lymph nodes, and this difference persists in blood shortly after interruption, prior to viral rebound. Intact provirus levels in lymph nodes before interruption negatively correlate with CD8⁺ T-cell capacity to suppress SIV and reflect rebound magnitude. The study demonstrates that markers of post-treatment control are detectable in lymph nodes before therapy interruption and in blood shortly after, and suggests that host immune responses may shape intact provirus profiles during treatment.
Charre et al. (2026) studied SIV infection (n=22). Post-treatment control (PTC) vs. Non-controllers (NC) was evaluated on Total SIV-DNA in circulating CD4+ T cells at day 14 post-ATI (copies/10^6 cells) (p=0.010). Post-treatment SIV controllers maintained significantly lower levels of SIV-DNA in circulating CD4+ T cells compared to non-controllers at day 14 post-treatment interruption.