The rapid growth of urban populations and the increasing number of vehicles have led to congestion, traffic jams, and inefficiencies in road networks. Traditional traffic signal systems, which rely on fixed timing or manual control, often fail to address the dynamic and unpredictable flow of traffic. This paper outlines an automatic traffic signal system that enhances traffic management by using real -time data to adjust signal timings based on traffic density and flow. The proposed system employs sensors, cameras, or inductive loops to monitor vehicle movement and congestion levels at intersections. The signals are then controlled by an intelligent algorithm that dynamically adjusts the green, yellow, and red phases to optimize traffic flow, reduce waiting times, and minimize fuel consumption and emissions.
Ahmed et al. (2026) studied this question.