The Use of Evolutionary Game Theory to Assess the Choice of Transportation Mode in Jakarta

This study applies Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT) to analyze transportation mode choices in Jakarta, a city grappling with severe traffic congestion and diverse mobility options. Four modes are modeled: public transportation, private vehicles, ride-hailing services, and a combination of public transportation and ride-hailing. The research incorporates Jakarta-specific variables, including traffic congestion, odd/even zoning policies, and cost constraints, to simulate how commuters adapt their strategies over time. By estimating payoffs based on travel time, cost, and policy impacts, the EGT framework reveals the evolutionary stability of mode choices. Results indicate that cost and travel time dominate decision-making, with odd/even zoning significantly reducing private vehicle use. These insights offer a foundation for designing sustainable urban mobility policies tailored to Jakarta’s unique context.