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January 27, 2026SHILAP Revista de lepidopterologíaOpen Access

Smoking determinants and exhaled CO as an indicator of smoking intensity among Indonesian students: evidence from a school-based prevention program

Mouhamad Bigwanto Putri Suryani Utami Umniyati Kowi Rama Tantra Solikin Benget Saragih Rindu Rachmiaty Hanifah Rogayah Sekar Astrika Fardani Mrunal Shetye Artha Camellia

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Key Points

Exhaled CO levels indicate a strong correlation with smoking intensity among students, revealing important behavioral insights.
The study identified various smoking determinants, such as peer influence and accessibility, affecting smoking behavior.
Assessment of students in a school-based prevention program illustrates smoking patterns and attitudes towards smoking.
Understanding smoking determinants could support tailored programs aimed at reducing smoking rates in youth.

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Implication

Observational analysis reveals exhaled CO predicts smoking intensity among Indonesian students, suggesting targeted interventions are needed.

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Cite This Study

Bigwanto et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69a75a83c6e9836116a2069a https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-26278-8

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