Numerical investigation on the upstream–downstream thermal interactions during sequential artificial ground freezing (SAGF) of metro twin tunnels in high-seepage ground

Key Points

• The analysis shows significant thermal interactions during sequential artificial ground freezing, affecting heat transfer efficiency.
• Key metrics indicate that variations in temperature affect the thermal dynamics substantially—with upstream temperatures impacting downstream conditions.
• Numerical investigation on thermal interactions during freezing processes was conducted using a simulation model to assess various seepage scenarios.
• Implications suggest improvements in metro construction practices under high-seepage ground conditions, emphasizing the need for tailored thermal management strategies.