The development of artificial intelligence significantly shapes contemporary social processes, but at the same time opens up complex issues regarding the protection of fundamental human rights and the effectiveness of existing legal protection mechanisms. This paper provides a systematic analysis of the key risks that AI technologies produce in the areas of rights to privacy, equality, fair trial and freedom of expression, with particular reference to the role of civil protection as a complement to public law and regulatory instruments. The author analyzes the phenomenon of digital surveillance and the erosion of privacy due to the collection, analysis and predictive modeling of large data sets, including biometric information and data from daily user interactions, pointing out the limitations of the concept of informed consent and the need for individual private legal means of protection. Next, algorithmic bias is discussed as a mechanism that reproduces and deepens existing social inequalities, which threatens the right to equal treatment and raises the issue of civil liability for discriminatory outcomes of automated decision-making. Special attention is devoted to the application of AI in the judiciary, where non-transparent decision-making models, limited explainability and the risk of "automated suggestions" call into question the realization of procedural guarantees of a fair trial, as well as the possibility of compensation for damages due to the violation of procedural rights. The final part discusses the risks to freedom of expression, including the consequences of automated content moderation, personalized ranking of information and the generation of synthetic content, while pointing out the importance of civil law requirements for the protection of individual rights, reputation and dignity. By analyzing the relevant literature and the current regulatory framework, the paper identifies normative gaps and emphasizes the need for a coherent legal system that, in addition to public law supervision, also provides effective private law protection mechanisms. The paper concludes that sustainable regulation of artificial intelligence is possible only through a combination of technical transparency, democratized supervision and strengthening of procedural and material guarantees, including a developed system of civil liability in the digital environment.
Matijašević et al. (Thu,) studied this question.