Multi-objective optimization framework for cropping structure based on water-carbon-economy nexus: Large-scale case study in Northeast China

Key Points

• Optimal cropping structures balance water use, carbon emissions, and economic returns—enhancing sustainability.
• Model predicts beneficial shifts in cropping practices, potentially improving yields by 15% over five years.
• Analysis incorporates regional climate data and economic variables, examining over 200 agricultural zones.
• Results suggest improved resource management, supporting better food security amid climate challenges.