March 3, 2026Open Access

Association of healthy lifestyle, depression with all-cause or cardiovascular mortality modified by metabolic syndrome among individuals: evidence from US NHANES and UK biobank cohort studies

Key Points

All-cause mortality is significantly influenced by lifestyle and depression, particularly in those with metabolic syndrome.
Individuals with metabolic syndrome exhibit an elevated risk of cardiovascular mortality related to unhealthy lifestyle choices.

Structured PICO

Does adherence to a favorable lifestyle and staying mentally healthy reduce all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general population?

Population

Individuals from the US NHANES and UK Biobank cohort studies

Intervention

Adherence to a favorable lifestyle and concurrently staying mentally healthy (absence of depression)

Comparator

Counterparts not adhering to a favorable lifestyle or not staying mentally healthy

Outcome

All-cause and cardiovascular mortalityhard clinical

A favorable lifestyle combined with mental health is associated with lower cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, though this protective effect is modified by the presence of metabolic syndrome.

Abstract

Subjects adhering to a favorable lifestyle and concurrently staying mentally healthy had a reduced risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death compared to their counterparts. This joint association of lifestyle and depression on cardiovascular mortality was modified by metabolic syndrome.

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