Unraveling the role of interstocks in delaying flowering and mitigating spring frost risk in Iranian commercial almonds through morphophysiological, biochemical, and molecular approaches

Key Points

• Delaying flowering is essential to reduce spring frost damage in almonds, enhancing survival rates and yield.
• Analysis shows that interstocks influence flowering timing significantly, which could benefit commercial almond production.
• Molecular and biochemical approaches evaluate the physiological responses related to interstock treatment.
• Findings may enable better adaptation strategies for almond orchards, particularly in frost-prone regions.