The southern Iraqi wetlands, especially the Hammar, Hawizeh and Central Marshes are one of the most ecologically important locations of migratory and resident birds in the Middle East. Forming a part of the largest wetland in Western Eurasia in the past, these territories are currently exposed to the severe danger connected with the human operation and alterations of the environment.This paper will focus on assessing the ecological importance of these wetlands to avian biodiversity, acknowledge the major environmental issues afflicting bird population and the offer practical tips in conservation.It is a study founded on a review and synthesis of earlier published researches, reports, and international assessments the focus of which is the bird migration patterns, the habitat diversity and environmental effects on the marshes in southern Iraq.Key Findings:The wetlands also act as important stopovers and breeding areas to more than 200 species of birds including the world threatened Northern bald Ibis and Marbled Teal. The marsh drainage, dam construction, pollution, poaching, and climate change, however, have led to a reduction in the bird populations. These threats have interfered with migration patterns and poor wetland ecosystem.Lacking urgent and long-term conservation measures, such as the restoration of habitats, increased control over human actions, and global cooperation, the ecological and cultural significance of Iraqi marshes of the southern region as the essential parts of the international migratory migration routes will only decline further.
Khaleefah et al. (2026) studied this question.