SOC spatio-temporal dynamics under smallholder vs. commercial farms

Key Points

• Soil organic carbon levels vary notably between smallholder and commercial farms, impacting sustainability.
• Key differences highlight that management practices play a critical role in soil health across farm types.
• Analysis of spatio-temporal dynamics reveals distinct patterns related to farming systems and their ecological impacts.
• Further research is needed to understand how these practices can enhance soil organic carbon in diverse agricultural settings.