Rutin outperforms gallic acid in mitigating carbon tetrachloride-induced nephrotoxicity: Integrated in silico (docking, MD simulations, DFT) and in vivo mechanistic validation

Key Points

• Rutin effectively mitigates nephrotoxicity, showing superior efficacy compared to gallic acid.
• CCl₄ exposure leads to significant renal damage, and rutin reduces this impact through antioxidant pathways.
• Integrated in silico methods, including molecular docking and simulations, validate the mechanisms of rutin's action.
• This study highlights rutin's potential as a protective agent in kidney damage, warranting further investigation.