Investigation of the immunoregulatory mechanisms of total saponins from black ginseng

Key Points

• Immunomodulatory effects were notable, impacting innate immune responses significantly.
• The TLR4-mediated signaling pathway was primarily activated, leading to enhanced immune activity.
• Further investigation is necessary to isolate the contribution of individual ginsenosides in immune responses.
• Evaluating the long-term safety and potential clinical applications of black ginseng total saponins remains critical.