This research was conducted in order to build a scientific and reliable test for measuring the accuracy of shooting a short aerial ball in football; the aim of the study was to develop a scientific and reliable test for the construction and standardization of directly shooting a short aerial ball test in football. Design, methodology, approach: The research adopted a descriptive survey approach and the test was implemented with a random sample (96) of players representing some of clubs in the Anbar Governorate. The methodological steps involved testing scientific validity and the results showed high validity (content: 0.86; discriminant: 0.85), reliability (0.95; 0.96 objectivity), confirming it to be suitable for measurement properties. Normative levels were also established to classify player performance. Results showed that 70% of the sample negatively clustered at the average and acceptable levels, which is elaborated on as a need for more focused skill training in the discussion. The findings of this study, readily translated to practice for coaches in guiding training toward the identification of talent, and of scientific merit for researchers aiming to replicate and expand past studies in this area, suggest that this systematic approach can serve as a reliable and scientific evaluation tool.
Fayyad et al. (2026) studied this question.