Mobile health (mHealth), leveraging mobile devices for health measurement and promotion, is rapidly growing. Smartphone cameras can perform photoplethysmography (PPG) to estimate pulse rate (PR) and other features of the cardiac cycle. However, establishing the validity of PR-PPG is essential before it can be adopted for health care applications. There is a pervasive belief that PR-PPG is analogous to heart rate (HR) derived from electrocardiograms (ECGs), and we will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to support or challenge this supposition. This study aims to synthesize quantitative evidence on the validity of PPG derived from mobile devices (ie, smartphones) for the assessment of HR compared with the gold standard ECG assessment. A comprehensive literature search will be performed on CINAHL Ultimate, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and Scopus using a predefined search strategy. All retrieved citations will be imported into Rayyan for screening and data management. A minimum of 2 independent reviewers will conduct the title and abstract screening, followed by 2 independent reviewers who will perform full-text screening and data extraction. All stages will be guided by predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, which will be pilot-tested to ensure consistency and reliability. Any discrepancies will be resolved through discussion with a third reviewer or during a research team meeting. Intrarater reliability will be quantified at the title and abstract stage and the full-text review stage using Cohen κ. To ensure clarity and consistency in the presentation of study characteristics and findings, both narrative synthesis and tabular formats will be used. This review will include studies that report the association and agreement between resting HR and PR from PPG using contact-based smartphone devices versus ECG as the gold standard. PPG signals will be obtained using a contact-based approach, defined as finger-on-camera measurements with the smartphone's built-in camera and flash. Studies will be excluded if they (1) do not use PPG using contact-based smartphone devices, (2) compare PPG to another collection method other than ECG, or (3) are review articles or case studies. To inform clinical procedures and future studies, the results will contain data on PR-PPG and HR-ECG association (correlations) and agreement (Bland-Altman analysis), sampling devices, and operating systems. This project is unfunded, and the initial screening is expected to start in the first quarter of 2026, with results anticipated to be published in the first quarter of 2027. The projected timeline for the study includes title and abstract screening from the first quarter of 2026, followed by full-text screening in the second quarter of 2026. Results are anticipated by the third quarter of 2026, with publication expected in the first quarter of 2027. Throughout this period, database searches will be regularly updated to capture any newly published studies meeting the inclusion criteria. This review will provide a comprehensive understanding of the association and agreement between PR-PPG and HR-ECG. The findings may inform future adoption of PR-PPG and HR-ECG with insights into device or setting characteristics for best agreement or association
Mather et al. (Tue,) studied this question.