Predictors of stability and change of attachment avoidance and anxiety over the transition to parenthood.

The transition to parenthood brings about changes in new parents' lives that may impact the attachment system. We examined how new mothers' internal, social and relational, and infant factors shaped initial levels and trajectories of attachment avoidance and anxiety from pregnancy through 2 years postpartum. Using a sample of 259 first-time mothers, we found that both attachment styles were relatively stable over time. Remembered supportive parenting experiences and relationship satisfaction were related to lower levels of initial attachment avoidance and anxiety, whereas depressive symptoms, were related to higher levels of initial avoidance and anxiety. Social support was related to a steeper decline in attachment avoidance over time. Observed infant distress and maternal-reported infant negative emotionality were related to a higher initial level of attachment avoidance, and infant distress was related to a steeper decline in attachment avoidance. Findings support need for multi-dimensional care of new mothers that begins during pregnancy.