Orthopedic Applications of Inorganic Nanomaterials Particularly in Osteomyelitis

The clinical management of osteomyelitis is significantly compromised by the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and biofilm-associated infections that evade conventional therapies. Inorganic nanomaterials have emerged as a versatile platform to address these challenges. This review provides a focused analysis of their therapeutic potential in osteomyelitis, detailing three primary mechanisms of action: the prevention of initial bacterial adhesion, intrinsic antimicrobial activity, and the targeted delivery of antimicrobial agents. We critically evaluate the application of key material classes in the design of antimicrobial implants, bone regeneration scaffolds, and stimulus-responsive delivery systems. A central discussion point is the critical balance between achieving potent, localized antibacterial efficacy and maintaining biocompatibility with osteogenic processes. Furthermore, the review identifies major translational barriers for clinical adoption, including challenges in scalable synthesis, long-term biosafety evaluation, and regulatory approval pathways. By framing these key considerations, this analysis aims to guide the future development of effective nanomaterial-based solutions for bone infection.