Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the unintended consequences of entrepreneurial orientation (EO), emphasizing its context-dependent nature, particularly within the unique cultural, regional and institutional environment of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). This study applies the Paradox Theory to explore the dualities inherent in EO, aiming to uncover its adverse consequences and identify strategies to mitigate these effects while enhancing positive outcomes. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a qualitative approach, conducting in-depth interviews with 38 managers from diverse industries across GCC countries. Findings This study finds that EO fosters innovation, adaptability and an entrepreneurial mindset, enabling organizations to maintain a competitive edge. However, EO’s core dimensions present paradoxes that create organizational tensions: Innovativeness vs Stability, Risk-taking vs Safety, Proactiveness vs Decision Paralysis, Competitive Aggressiveness vs Internal Harmony and Autonomy vs Alignment. These dualities reflect the complex interplay between traditional values and modern entrepreneurial aspirations in the GCC, demonstrating context-specific EO practices and paradoxes. Practical implications Organizations must implement a structured, context-aware approach to mitigate the unintended consequences of EO in the GCC. Effective solutions require strategic communication, prioritization mechanisms, structured decision-making, balanced risk management and inclusive leadership pipelines. These efforts must be tailored to the GCC’s unique socio-economic and cultural dynamics. Social implications EO in the GCC has significant social implications because of its intersection with traditional values, centralized governance and the reliance on expatriates. It can challenge hierarchical norms, strain social cohesion and risk excluding marginalized groups, especially women and expatriates. EO may reinforce inequalities and lead to burnout without inclusive, culturally sensitive approaches. Balancing innovation with respect for local customs and employee well-being is essential to ensure socially sustainable entrepreneurial development in the region. Originality/value By extending the Paradox Theory to the entrepreneurial domain, this research provides a nuanced understanding of EO’s paradoxical nature. This study highlights how cultural collectivism, hierarchical structures and institutional constraints influence the implementation and impact of EO. Focusing on the GCC context, this study offers valuable insights for organizations operating in similar economic and cultural environments.
Zighan et al. (Wed,) studied this question.