Vegetable-Borne Microplastics: Evidence, Uncertainties, and a Research Agenda for Food-Chain Risk Assessment

Microplastic (MP) pollution poses an increasing environmental threat, with potential impacts on ecosystems, agriculture, and food chains. While its effects in marine environments are well-documented, the influence of MP contamination on terrestrial crops, particularly vegetables, remains underexplored. This review examines the sources of MPs in agricultural systems, detection techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, and the associated risks to vegetable production. Microplastics enter fields through contaminated irrigation, atmospheric deposition, and plastic-based farming practices, with potential toxicological effects on plants and human health. The assessment calls for standardized detection methods, sustainable farming practices, and further research on MP contamination's long-term effects.