Formulation and Evaluation of Kaempferol‐Loaded Invasomes Gel: In Vitro Characterization, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxicity Assessment

This work was undertaken to formulate invasomes for improved kaempferol (KAE) topical delivery. Cuminaldehyde (CUA)‐incorporated KAE invasomes were developed by thin film hydration by varying Phospholipon 90G, CUA, and ethanol. Developed formulations were characterized for vesicle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. Finally, gel of optimized formulation was evaluated for in vitro drug release, antioxidant, and cell viability investigations. Optimized KAE invasomes (F5) formulation presented vesicle size of 168.63 ± 8.53 nm, polydispersity index of 0.284 ± 0.017, zeta potential of −14.52 ± 0.80, and entrapment efficiency of 81.56 ± 3.52%. The KAE invasomes gel and KAE control gel exhibited in vitro release of 74.10 ± 7.19% and 33.92 ± 4.55%, respectively. KAE invasomes gel exhibited improved antioxidant and cell viability activity compared to KAE control gel. Better activity of KAE invasomes gel is possible due to more effective solubilization of KAE entrapped in invasomes gel due to the presence of CUA and ethanol. In the stability study, KAE control gel and KAE invasomes gel did not show any significant changes in examined parameters. It can be concluded that CUA‐incorporated KAE invasomes are a promising formulation for enhanced delivery of KAE.