First Evidence of Microplastics' Presence in Surface Water and Fishes of Bhoj Wetland (Ramsar Site).

In Bhoj Wetland, Bhopal, the presence of microplastics (MPs) in fish and water was investigated in both wet and dry seasons. Microplastic concentrations ranged from 10 ± 4 to 19 ± 4 items L⁻¹ during the dry season and 8 ± 1 to 15 ± 8 items L⁻¹ during the wet season. Among fish species, Wallago attu and tilapia showed average MP loads of 1.2 ± 1.10 and 0.8 ± 1.30 items per individual, respectively. Due to sewage, hospital waste, and tourism, higher MP levels were discovered during the dry season, particularly along Sultania Road (L1) and Masjid Lal Imli (U3). MP presence was quite low in central lake zones. Among the various shapes identified, fibers emerged as the dominant type in both aquatic samples and fish tissues. Wallago attu and tilapia showed the highest MP content, mostly made of polyethylene (PE). The predominance of black and transparent microplastic particles suggests their probable origin from degraded fishing equipment and general plastic litter. Seasonal changes influenced MP levels, with higher amounts in dry months due to less water flow and dilution. The study highlights the impact of human activities and the need for better pollution control.