What does this research mean for the field?

Ethanolic extracts of Simarouba glauca and Euphorbia hirta exhibit strong antiproliferative activity against colorectal cancer cells, inducing apoptosis and demonstrating promising therapeutic potential. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.NOVEL_FINDING. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

What question did this study set out to answer?

To investigate the antiproliferative effects, apoptosis, and gene expression of extracts from Simarouba glauca and Euphorbia hirta on colorectal cancer cell lines.

March 7, 2026Open Access

Antiproliferative Activity Extracts of Simarouba glauca and Euphorbia hirta Against Colorectal Cancer Cells

CPChirag PrajapatiVeer Narmad South Gujarat University PPParizad Patel MRM. N. ReddyVeer Narmad South Gujarat University

Key Points

To investigate the antiproliferative effects, apoptosis, and gene expression of extracts from Simarouba glauca and Euphorbia hirta on colorectal cancer cell lines.
Extracts from S. glauca and E. hirta were obtained using ethanol.
MTT assay was conducted on HCT-116 and Caco-2 colorectal cancer cell lines.
DNA fragmentation and real-time PCR assays were used to assess apoptosis and gene expression levels.
Ethanolic extracts exhibited significant antiproliferative activity against HCT-116 and Caco-2 cells.
Cytotoxicity was higher in HCT-116 compared to Caco-2 cells.
E. hirta showed greater cytotoxicity than S. glauca.
Treatment at concentrations of 160 and 320 μg/mL resulted in DNA fragmentation.
Increased expression of MYC and reduced expression of CCND1 and BIRC5 indicate induced apoptosis.

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to study the antiproliferative, apoptosis and gene expression level of an extracts derived from the medicinal plants Simarouba glauca and Euphorbia hirta on colorectal cell lines. Material and Methods: In this study, the fresh leaves of S. glauca and whole plant of E. hirta were subjected to solvent extraction using ethanol. The plant extracts were tested for the anticancer activity by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. MTT assay was performed on HCT-116 (human colon colorectal carcinoma) and Caco-2 (human colon colorectal adenocarcinoma) cell lines. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation and real-time polymerase chain reaction assay were performed to check apoptosis and gene expression level. Results: The ethanolic extracts of S. glauca and E. hirta exhibited significant antiproliferative activity against colorectal cancer (CRC) cells – HCT-116 and CaCo2. Cytotoxicity activity of plant extracts on HCT-116 was more compared to CaCo2 cells. E. hirta shows more cytotoxicity activity compared to S. glauca extracts. Cell exposed at 160 and 320 μg/mL concentrations of plant extracts shows fragmentation of DNA. Increased expression of myelocytomatosis oncogene (MYC) gene and reduced expression of Cyclin D1 (CCND1) and Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing 5 (BIRC5) gene show evidence that the extracts of S. glauca and E. hirta might induce apoptosis. This result shows that the extracts of S. glauca and E. hirta possessed immense potential treatment of CRC. Conclusion: Ethanolic extracts of Simarouba glauca and Euphorbia hirta exhibit strong antiproliferative activity against colorectal cancer, inducing apoptosis and demonstrating promising therapeutic potential for further exploration.

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