Injection well placement and rate allocation are among the most decisive factors in determining the efficiency and bankability of CCS projects. However, optimizing these parameters is notoriously complex: even a small number of injection wells leads to a virtually infinite set of injection scenarios, while traditional optimization techniques typically require thousands of high-fidelity reservoir simulations. For project developers, this computational burden can stall critical Final Investment Decisions (FID). The approach proposed here addresses this bottleneck by using a Design of Experiments (DoE) framework combined with nonlinear surrogate modeling, which efficiently maps the relationship between injection rates and storage performance, to identify near-optimal solutions with a minimal number of simulations. We show that our method achieves up to 97% of the initially targeted CO2 sequestration with as few as 15 simulations, demonstrating a step-change reduction in time and cost. From a business standpoint, CCS operators can de-risk projects earlier, accelerate FID timelines, and evaluate multiple site configurations in parallel while minimizing computational overhead. Rather than waiting weeks or months for exhaustive optimization, decision-makers can gain timely, reliable insights that directly support capacity commitments, regulatory submissions, and ultimately revenue realization.
Diplas et al. (2026) studied this question.