ABSTRACT Biomedical micro/nanorobots (MNRs) have emerged as a cutting‐edge research field, offering novel strategies for precise in vivo manipulation and targeted therapeutic delivery. By harnessing external energy sources, such as chemical fuels, magnetic fields, light, acoustic waves, and biohybrid designs, these miniature intelligent systems achieve efficient autonomous navigation through complex biological environments while overcoming the physical limitations of conventional medical technologies. Current research focuses on material innovation, motion control, biocompatibility, and functional integration. These efforts have led to advances in disease treatment, barrier penetration, diagnostic imaging, wound healing, and minimally invasive procedures. However, clinical translation remains hindered by critical hurdles such as long‐term biosafety, stable energy supply, high‐resolution real‐time tracking, and scalable manufacturing. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in MNR research, with a particular emphasis on material‐level innovations in both artificially synthesized and naturally derived systems. It provides an in‐depth analysis of their unique capabilities in overcoming biological barriers and performing precise tasks in vivo. Furthermore, the review highlights pioneering diagnostic‐therapeutic integration and outlines forward‐looking strategies to accelerate clinical adoption. Specifically, we contend that future progress must converge advances in smart responsive materials, multiphysics cooperative actuation, and artificial intelligence‐assisted guidance systems to overcome existing limitations in microscale in vivo operation. By offering a synthesized perspective and a clear roadmap, this review aims to steer next‐generation MNR research toward practical applications in personalized medicine, regenerative therapies, and intelligent theranostics, thereby fostering a paradigm shift in biomedical technology.
Yu et al. (2026) studied this question.