Bioceramic and carbon-based nanocarriers: Advanced platforms for targeted and stimuli-responsive drug delivery

The limitations of conventional drug delivery methods, such as poor bioavailability, nonspecific targeting, and systemic toxicity, have prompted the development of nanocarrier technologies to enable more effective, targeted therapies. Among these approaches, bioceramic-based nanomaterials have emerged as versatile drug delivery platforms due to their structural adaptability, high drug loading capacity, biocompatibility, and controlled degradation. This review summarizes recent advances in bioceramic and ceramic-related nanocarriers, including mesoporous silica nanoparticles, bioactive glasses, mesoporous bioactive glasses, and ion-doped bioactive glasses, that demonstrate strong potential for drug encapsulation, controlled release, and targeted therapy. Moreover, clay-based nanocarriers exhibit high surface area, ion exchange capacity, and environmental responsiveness. In contrast, carbon-based systems offer unique electrical and surface properties that enhance cellular uptake and site-specific delivery. Particular emphasis is placed on stimuli-responsive nanocarriers that provide spatiotemporal control of drug release in response to endogenous cues (pH, enzymes) or external stimuli (light, temperature, magnetic fields). These innovative delivery systems hold promise for applications in oncology, regenerative medicine, anti-inflammatory therapy, and infection treatment. This review highlights recent progress, challenges, and future perspectives, underscoring the potential of tailored bioceramic platforms for safer, more personalized therapeutic strategies. • Bioceramic nanocarriers enable high drug loading and controlled release. • Carbon-based nanocarriers enhance uptake and site-specific drug delivery. • Stimuli-responsive systems enable controlled drug release via internal and external triggers. • Ion-doped and magnetic bioactive glasses support drug delivery and regeneration. • Applications include oncology, regeneration, infection control, and smart hybrid systems.