Micro‐Corrugated Hydrogel Electrodes for High‐Performance Biofuel Cells via Capillary Force and Ligand Exchange‐Induced Metal Nanoparticle Assembly (Small 14/2026)

Biofuel Cells In article number (e12318), Jongkuk Ko, Jinhan Cho, Cheong Hoon Kwon, and co-workers present a high-performance enzymatic biofuel cell based on a micro-corrugated hydrogel electrode. The electrode is fabricated through capillary force–driven patterning combined with ligand exchange–induced assembly of TOA-Au nanoparticles. This engineered hydrogel enables efficient mediator-free electron transport, robust enzyme confinement, and enhanced power output with outstanding long-term operational stability.