Giant Unilamellar Vesicles In the image, two moving giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV) (one in front and one in the back) are shown with silica particles asymmetrically attached to their surface, representing the self-assembled GUV-particle system. The lightning-like patterns symbolize the applied alternating electric field that drives vesicle motion. The surrounding empty area around the vesicles depicts the depletion region, a particle-free area formed by dielectrophoretic interactions and field-driven flows, which illustrates the field-induced reorganization of particles and the flow asymmetry responsible for vesicle propulsion. More details can be found in the Research Article by Metin Sitti, Selcan Karaz, and co-workers (DOI: 10.1002/adma.202512036).
Karaz et al. (Sun,) studied this question.