Reframing air pollution as a cognitive and socioeconomic risk

Air pollution is a major environmental health risk, yet its cognitive impact remains under-recognised. Evidence links short- and long-term fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) exposure to reduced cognitive performance and intelligence quotient (IQ). We estimate global PM 2.5 -related IQ losses of 65 billion points, disproportionately affecting low- and lower-middle-income countries. Current air quality standards may not protect neurological health; this threat to global intellect requires nuanced regulation, targeted mitigation, and cross-sectoral policy.