Biometric Technology in Urban Indian Healthcare Programmes: A Systematic Review of Fraud Mitigation Efforts

Biometric technology has been increasingly adopted in healthcare systems to reduce fraud and improve service delivery, particularly in urban Indian settings. A comprehensive search strategy was employed across multiple databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies were assessed using PRISMA guidelines to ensure quality and relevance. The review identified a significant proportion (85%) of studies reporting positive outcomes in reducing healthcare fraud through the use of biometric technology. Biometric technology shows promise as an effective tool for enhancing transparency and accountability in urban Indian healthcare programmes, particularly when integrated with robust data management systems. Future research should focus on evaluating long-term impacts and scalability of these interventions across diverse urban settings. Treatment effect was estimated with logit(pᵢ)=β₀+β^ Xᵢ, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.