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The research aims to identify socio-economic factors and barriers affecting financial inclusion in Jordan.

Socio-economic determinants and barriers of financial inclusion: evidence from Jordan

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Examines financial inclusion barriers in Jordan, revealing significant socio-economic factors influencing access.

The research aims to identify socio-economic factors and barriers affecting financial inclusion in Jordan.
Analyzed repeated cross-sectional microdata from World Bank’s Global Findex surveys over five waves (2011, 2014, 2017, 2021, 2025)
Utilized a Linear Probability Model for empirical analysis
Employed a Probit model for robustness checks
Education emerges as the strongest predictor of financial inclusion
Women show higher basic account ownership but lag in credit and mobile payment usage compared to men
Income is a critical determinant, with the wealthiest significantly dominating card and account usage
Identified barriers: women face distance issues, the elderly lack funds, and less educated individuals struggle with documentation

Al-Masaeid et al. (2026) studied this question.

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