The entrepreneurial landscape in North Africa is shaped by a complex institutional and regulatory environment. Understanding the specific challenges faced by enterprises and the evolving role of supporting institutions is critical for fostering sustainable economic development. This survey research aims to systematically identify and analyse the predominant challenges encountered by entrepreneurs and to evaluate the perceived efficacy of institutional support mechanisms within the Moroccan context. A stratified random sample of 450 registered small and medium-sized enterprise owners and managers was surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while open-ended responses underwent thematic analysis. Access to formal finance was cited as a significant or severe barrier by 68% of respondents. Thematic analysis further revealed a prevalent perception of bureaucratic inefficiency, though prospects for improvement were linked to digitalisation initiatives within public agencies. The business environment presents substantial, persistent hurdles, particularly regarding finance and administrative procedures. However, institutional evolution, especially technological adoption, is viewed as a key prospective facilitator for entrepreneurial activity. Policymakers should prioritise streamlining regulatory processes and enhancing the reach of targeted financial products. Support institutions must accelerate digital service delivery to improve accessibility and transparency for entrepreneurs. entrepreneurship, business environment, institutional support, survey, Morocco, SME finance This study provides a novel, longitudinal perspective on entrepreneurial challenges by integrating survey data with an analysis of institutional evolution over a quarter-century, offering a unique temporal dimension to the assessment of business climate dynamics.
Benali et al. (2019) studied this question.