"background": "Transport maintenance depots are critical infrastructure for road network sustainability in developing economies. However, systematic, data-driven methodologies for evaluating their operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness are often lacking, leading to suboptimal resource allocation and maintenance backlogs. ", "purpose and objectives": "This case study aims to develop and apply a novel methodological framework for the evaluation of transport maintenance depot systems. The primary objective is to measure their cost-effectiveness and identify key drivers of performance within the Rwandan context. ", "methodology": "A multilevel regression modelling approach was employed, analysing operational and financial data from a national network of depots. The core statistical model is specified as Cost{ij = \0j + \1X1ij +. . . + nij + u0j + eij, where i indexes depot units and j indexes regional clusters. Robust standard errors were used for inference to account for heteroscedasticity. ", "findings": "The analysis revealed significant variability in cost-effectiveness between regional clusters, with depot age and spare parts inventory turnover being the most influential factors. A one-standard-deviation increase in inventory turnover was associated with a 17. 5% reduction in maintenance cost per vehicle kilometre (95% CI: 12. 1% to 22. 9%). ", "conclusion": "The applied multilevel regression framework provides a robust, evidence-based tool for depot system evaluation, demonstrating that systemic inefficiencies are identifiable and quantifiable. ", "recommendations": "Implement a performance monitoring system based on the identified key metrics, particularly inventory turnover. Resource allocation and refurbishment planning should prioritise depots within the least cost-effective clusters. ", "key words": "infrastructure management, maintenance depots, cost-effectiveness, multilevel modelling, regression analysis, Rwanda", "contribution statement": "This study presents a novel application of multilevel regression modelling to depot system evaluation, providing a replicable methodological
Jean de Dieu Uwimana (Fri,) studied this question.