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Mixed-methods evaluation reveals the need for better support and policies for female surgeons to reduce obstetric risks.
Pregnancy-related LOWS is a modifiable mediator of increased obstetric risk that disproportionately affects female surgeons. Addressing flexibility stigma, improving institutional support, and implementing policies that align with contemporary family needs are essential to foster gender equity in family building among surgeons.
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Halix et al. (2026) studied this question.
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