Research progress on the roles of extracellular vesicles in tumor immunity and drug resistance

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as pivotal mediators of intercellular communication and have attracted considerable scientific interest in recent years owing to their critical roles in tumor immunity and drug resistance. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms by which EVs function within the tumor microenvironment, focusing on their involvement in immune evasion, tumor progression, and the development of resistance to therapeutic agents. By summarizing recent research advances, this review highlights the potential of EVs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets and emphasizes their significance in improving treatment efficacy and overcoming clinical resistance. This review also outlines future research directions to clarify the multifaceted roles of EVs in cancer biology and facilitate the development of novel therapeutic approaches to enhance patient outcomes.