A generalizable eye disease detection method based on Zero-Shot Learning

Deep learning faces a significant bottleneck in medical image analysis due to its reliance on large-scale, expert-annotated datasets. This challenge is acute in ophthalmology, particularly for detecting early-stage diseases like mild Diabetic Retinopathy (DR1), where subtle lesions and a scarcity of annotations limit supervised learning approaches. We propose a generalizable eye disease detection framework based on Zero-shot Learning (ZSL) that mimics clinical reasoning. Using the LCFP-14M dataset, a large-scale fundus image resource we present in this work, our method first identifies disease correlations via a Siamese network. It then transfers knowledge by segmenting DR1-specific lesions from a highly correlated source disease and employs a ResNet-Agglomerative clustering pipeline to enable unsupervised detection of DR1 without using any labeled DR1 cases. Here we show that the proposed framework enables effective DR1 detection without annotated DR1 data. The model achieves an accuracy of 0.8337, precision of 0.8700, recall of 0.7456, F1 score of 0.8030, and ROC-AUC of 0.9226, outperforming most supervised baselines on external test datasets. Our findings demonstrate that ZSL can simulate clinical diagnostic logic and generalize to unseen eye diseases, offering a promising approach for automated screening where labeled data are scarce. Pan et al. develop a zero-shot learning framework that detects mild diabetic retinopathy by transferring lesion features from a correlated eye disease without using labeled examples. The model achieves high accuracy and outperforms most supervised baselines, demonstrating a promising approach for automated screening where annotated data are scarce. Detecting eye diseases early is challenging because some conditions, such as mild diabetic retinopathy, show very subtle changes. In addition, there are insufficient medical images available that can be used to develop artificial intelligence (AI) based methods to diagnose diseases from imaging of the eyes. In this study, we developed an AI method that imitates how doctors recognize similarities between different diseases. By learning from images of a different eye disease, degenerative myopia, which shares similar visual features with diabetic retinopathy, our model can detect the latter despite not having been developed using data from eyes with this disease. The system achieved high accuracy on independent datasets, showing our approach could help screen for eye diseases more efficiently and provide an alternative method to develop screening for conditions where there are limited medical images available.