Plant-Based Insect Repellents: Unveiling the Potential of Phytoconstituents for Sustainable Pest Management

Insect-borne diseases represent a significant global health challenge, particularly in the context of rapidly changing environmental conditions. This growing threat underscores the urgent need for effective and sustainable insect repellent solutions derived from phytoconstituents. Historically, plant-based compounds, such as citronella oil, neem oil, eucalyptus oil, and peppermint oil, have been widely used for their insect-repellent properties. However, the dynamic interaction between host plants and pests often leads to resistance, necessitating continuous exploration of novel bioactive compounds and innovative formulations. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach to enhance the efficacy of natural repellents. By leveraging nanoencapsulation and other advanced techniques, the stability, potency, and controlled release of phytoconstituents can be significantly improved. However, concerns regarding nanotoxicity and bioaccumulation highlight the importance of developing safer and more efficient nanoformulations. This review comprehensively explores the potential of various phytoconstituents, including natural growth regulators, terpenoids, phenolics, nitrogenous compounds (primarily alkaloids), and proteinase inhibitors, as sustainable insect repellents. Additionally, it discusses the integration of these compounds into eco-friendly nanotechnological platforms to overcome current limitations and safeguard human health. By delving into these advancements, the review aims to provide insights into designing optimized, environmentally responsible solutions for effective pest management.