Opinion Paper: Working on alternative methods in experimental animal sciences. Experience from the case of fistulated ruminants

• Public concern in France led to ending fistulated ruminant experimental model. • No alternative method fully meets current scientific standards or ethical expectations. • This case illustrates shifting animal sciences with evolution of social criticism and public policies. • Developing alternatives needs a systemic approach and revised research goals. • Authors urge broader dialogue to guide the transition toward new research models.