This paper examines observational constraints on vacuum-tension–induced modifications of gravitational-wave propagation within the Breathing Universe framework. In this approach the vacuum is treated as a structured dynamical medium whose local state can be represented by an effective order parameter describing deviations from a reference balance condition (the zero-line). Small dispersive corrections to gravitational-wave propagation may arise when this vacuum structure introduces additional scale-dependent terms in the effective wave equation. Using constraints derived from existing gravitational-wave observations, particularly the high-precision timing and phase measurements obtained from compact-binary merger events, the analysis estimates upper bounds on the magnitude of possible dispersive corrections. These limits can be expressed as constraints on an effective coupling parameter β(H₀) associated with vacuum-tension dynamics and on the characteristic cutoff scale M* governing higher-order propagation terms. The resulting bounds indicate that any vacuum-induced dispersive corrections must be extremely small within the currently observable frequency range of ground-based detectors. For representative gravitational-wave frequencies of order 10² Hz, the analysis implies that the effective-field-theory scale controlling such corrections must lie many orders of magnitude above the wave number of the observed signals. Although the present limits do not reveal measurable deviations from standard General Relativity, they demonstrate that existing gravitational-wave observations already provide meaningful constraints on classes of vacuum-structure models. Future detectors operating at higher precision or different frequency bands may further tighten these bounds and offer a new observational window on possible dynamical properties of the vacuum.
Ivo Gerlach Angela Noel Cerfontaine (Sun,) studied this question.